Coauthor Fany Ramos Quispe In view of the need for a dialogue in which a science can be built that considers the different fields of knowledge with equity, spaces for inter-scientific dialogue are opening up.

Sectors of the political class point to the recognition of plurinationality and an alleged excessive ambition of the indigenous peoples’ representatives one of the important factors of the defeat.

The conflict between the Chilean State and the Mapuche people has become an insoluble problem for all the governments that have tried similar recipes since 1990 with unsuccessful results.

Indigenous communities have been and are secondary actors with marginal presence in state institutions. Both in the case of elected and appointed positions, their presence is minimal and they rarely have access to local power.

In the plebiscite it was approved to change the constitution by means of a Constitutional Convention. However, no seats were reserved for indigenous peoples and discussion on the issue was again postponed. This represents the latest expressions of the State's colonial relationship with the original peoples.