For the first time, the World Climate Conference, which brings together almost 200 countries, agrees to put an end to fossil fuels.

Bilateral relations between the two countries deepened following the discovery and exploitation of more than 25 billion barrels of oil in Guyana.

The arrival of Gustavo Petro and Francia Márquez to government in Colombia has come as a shock to many, including leftist governments, that think of development based on extractivism.

The Russian invasion of Ukraine has generated important changes in global geopolitics. A side effect has been increased volatility in the global energy market and a consequent resurgence of hydrocarbon industry interests.

The Russian invasion of Ukraine and its impact on the international energy market has opened a new political scheme that the Venezuelan dictatorship will try to take advantage of by positioning itself, after years of sanctions and international isolation.

At the end of the 1990's, before Chávez came to power, PDVSA was ranked as the fourth most important oil company in the world according to the American Petroleum Institute's ranking. Today it occupies the last place among 253 oil companies.