Did Maduro’s fall put an end to the left-wing populist cycle and mark a historic turning point for the Latin American left?

The crisis of democracy does not stem from mobilized masses, but from economic elites who, operating from within, have learned to govern without accountability.

Bolsonaro and Chávez, from opposite ideological poles, share the same political resource: the use of religious symbols and narratives to construct themselves as messianic leaders and legitimize power projects that strain liberal democracy.

Dominion Theology is pushing a politico-religious offensive in Brazil: occupying institutions, imposing biblical morality and waging "culture wars" against LGBTQIA+ rights, abortion and gender-sensitive education. With Bolsonaro and figures like Nikolas Ferreira, conservative Pentecostalism is gaining power, stressing the Judiciary and eroding secularism and democracy.

The MAS' challenge for the next elections is to reinvent the populist discourse and adapt it to current times.

Suppose a distinctive characteristic of populism is the defense of a people excluded from the social and political benefits of democracy. Why do its...