The centrality and control that political parties have over the decisions made in the executive, legislative and judicial branches makes it difficult for them to receive the respective corrective measures.

It's not just democracy versus dictatorship at stake in the Venezuelan crisis. It encompasses the trajectories of the region as a theater for great power competition or as a collective of countries and governments capable of unified action.

Voting is mainly influenced by resentments, lies about opponents, ideological-cultural affinities, or clientelistic transactions—none of which are related to the aspirations of the majority.

Current problems in the region show that the territorial dimension, social heterogeneity, and the scope of state efficiency in Latin America maintain this structural duality.

We are witnessing a vulgarization of meritocratic logic, which, as Michael Sandel points out, poses a significant problem for achieving a collective coexistence that fosters civic virtue.

The prominence that these hate speeches have achieved is worrying because, among other things, it amplifies the visibility and resonance of already existing prejudices and contributes to the deterioration of social coexistence.